B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng do c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. C\u01a1 quan Thanh tra N\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng (DWI) th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u01b0\u1edbc tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia nh\u01b0 clo v\u00e0 florua, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ch\u00ec trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u0169, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ecdc b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh. N\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 v\u00f2i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn u\u1ed1ng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng so v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng chai.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y. Lu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc bao g\u1ed3m Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh Cung c\u1ea5p N\u01b0\u1edbc (Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng N\u01b0\u1edbc) v\u00e0 Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb N\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/p>\n Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n C\u01a1 quan Thanh tra N\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng (DWI)<\/em> \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh. DWI ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u01b0\u1edbc tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7t Nam tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n an to\u00e0n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/em> nh\u01b0 ch\u00ec, clo v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ec trong n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 10 microgam tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u00edt. M\u1ee9c clo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng trong khi gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n. M\u1ee9c thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c fluorid h\u00f3a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe r\u0103ng mi\u1ec7ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n trong c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh fluorid h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c th\u00eam fluoride v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, trong khi nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh fluorid h\u00f3a n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tham v\u1ea5n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 fluorid h\u00f3a hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f2i c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m clorine<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf virus nguy hi\u1ec3m. Trong khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, clo \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra v\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u00f9i kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu. Flo<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 gia ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m s\u00e2u r\u0103ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a fluoride c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 g\u00e2y lo ng\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n C\u1eb7n v\u00f4i<\/em>, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c carbonate c\u1ee7a canxi v\u00e0 magi\u00ea, th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng. N\u00f3 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0 g\u00e2y t\u00edch t\u1ee5 trong \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gia d\u1ee5ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi nh\u1ef1a<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t nh\u1ef1a nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc qua nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n \u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m ch\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u0169 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a. Ch\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng c\u0169 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, g\u00e2y ra nguy c\u01a1 l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef mang thai. Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1edbi ch\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea7n kinh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u0169 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p an to\u00e0n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 thay th\u1ebf \u1ed1ng c\u0169 ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u00ec.<\/p>\n Nitrate l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 th\u1ea3i c\u1ed1ng r\u00e3nh. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5m v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111i v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nitrate cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh, v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n oxy c\u1ee7a m\u00e1u, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 methemoglobinemia, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ec7nh xanh da\u201d \u1edf tr\u1ebb. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ee9c nitrate n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n an to\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c. N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng<\/em> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u canxi v\u00e0 magi\u00ea, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1 ph\u1ea5n v\u00e0 v\u00f4i \u1edf ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ec1m<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1 granit v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a v\u00f4i kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u1eb7n v\u00f4i trong \u1ea5m \u0111un n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn, trong khi n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 gi\u1eb7t qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u1eafm nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o b\u1ecdt v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n H\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng<\/em> th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb h\u01a1i kho\u00e1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c v\u1edbi N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ec1m<\/em> th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ec5 u\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. Theo c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n Trung th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen ng\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y cao. Nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng catchment \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1ec1m h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c trong mi\u1ec1n Nam, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u0169 v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u00f9i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda Nam, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u00f4i khi g\u1eb7p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 m\u00f9i clo ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 trong c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n Ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y. N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t (s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a) v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m (khe n\u01b0\u1edbc). T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n Trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, n\u01a1i ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cao h\u01a1n b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m do d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n, bao g\u1ed3m l\u1ecdc, l\u1eafng v\u00e0 kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng clo ho\u1eb7c chloramine.<\/p>\n Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1eddng tinh khi\u1ebft h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u00e1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cao h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn ch\u00ec, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nguy c\u01a1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ea7n can thi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n T\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau, b\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f2i l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 x\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecdng trong \u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m cao h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 ch\u00ec<\/em> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/em>. Th\u1eddi gian x\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y kho\u1ea3ng 30 gi\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169.<\/p>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc trong v\u00f2i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n m\u00f9i v\u1ecb. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 clorine<\/em>, ch\u00ec<\/em>, vi nh\u1ef1a<\/em>, v\u00e0 ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t<\/em>. Ngay \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang:<\/p>\n Trong nhi\u1ec1u gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00f2i sen c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea1ch b\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea5p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Th\u01b0\u1eddng khuy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb v\u00f2i v\u1ec7 sinh tr\u1eeb khi ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb v\u00f2i n\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c \u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c n\u1ea5u \u0103n, v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Lu\u00f4n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00f2i n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u1ea5u \u0103n, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n Khi so s\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f2i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng chai, c\u1ea3 an to\u00e0n l\u1eabn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f2i t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n cao. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng chai, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u0169ng an to\u00e0n, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f2i.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f2i l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng chai t\u1ea1o ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u00e1c nh\u1ef1a l\u1edbn v\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i carbon t\u1eeb v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f2i thay v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng chai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n T\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c m\u1eb9o n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y b\u1ea1n u\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y thay v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc kho\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n C\u00f3, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng. Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi b\u1edfi C\u01a1 quan Ki\u1ec3m tra N\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng (DWI), theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 Cung c\u1ea5p N\u01b0\u1edbc (Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng N\u01b0\u1edbc) v\u00e0 Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb N\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n C\u01a1 quan Ki\u1ec3m tra N\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng (DWI) ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. DWI ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n C\u00f3, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 clo, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 flo, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m s\u00e2u r\u0103ng. \u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m ch\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u0169 v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169 k\u1ef9, v\u00e0 nitrat t\u1eeb d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc, do s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a canxi v\u00e0 magi\u00ea, thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 ph\u1ea5n, nh\u01b0 mi\u1ec1n Nam, trong khi n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 granit, nh\u01b0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Trung. N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u1eb7n v\u00f4i trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, trong khi n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1eeda v\u00e0 t\u1eafm.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng an to\u00e0n, h\u00e3y m\u1edf v\u00f2i n\u01b0\u1edbc kho\u1ea3ng 30 gi\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea3 s\u1ea1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecdng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. Ngo\u00e0i ra, tr\u00e1nh u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb v\u00f2i trong ph\u00f2ng t\u1eafm tr\u1eeb khi b\u1ea1n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n C\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng chai t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n. T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n, v\u00ec s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng chai t\u1ea1o ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn r\u00e1c nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i carbon.<\/p>\n B\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 clo, ch\u00ec, vi nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch, t\u1eeb c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n m\u00f9i v\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u00f9i h\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u0169, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a ch\u00ec. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u00ec c\u0169ng gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 nhi\u1ec5m ch\u00ec trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The article discusses the safety of tap water in the UK, emphasizing that it is generally safe to drink due to strict regulations. The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) enforces these standards, ensuring water companies comply with legal requirements. Understanding the role of additives like chlorine and fluoride, and the risks associated with lead contamination in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3664","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/driplifecorp.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3664","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/driplifecorp.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/driplifecorp.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/driplifecorp.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/driplifecorp.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3664"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/driplifecorp.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3664\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3666,"href":"https:\/\/driplifecorp.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3664\/revisions\/3666"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/driplifecorp.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3664"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/driplifecorp.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3664"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/driplifecorp.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3664"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan Thanh tra N\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng (DWI) trong Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng N\u01b0\u1edbc<\/h3>\n
Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n an to\u00e0n cho ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/h3>\n
Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Fluorid h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n<\/h3>\n
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\n Ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/th>\n N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a cho ph\u00e9p<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n \n Ch\u00ec<\/td>\n 10 microgam tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u00edt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Clorua<\/td>\n 0.5 miligam tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u00edt (gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u<\/td>\n 0.1 microgam tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u00edt (c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n), 0.5 microgam tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u00edt (t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n C\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f2i c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f2i<\/h3>\n
Ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m Ch\u00ec trong Nh\u00e0 c\u0169<\/h3>\n
Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 Nitrate do Tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 C\u1ed1ng r\u00e3nh<\/h3>\n
Bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng N\u01b0\u1edbc theo V\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n<\/h2>\n
S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ec1m tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c<\/h3>\n
Khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 H\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0 Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y<\/h3>\n
\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/h3>\n
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\n Khu v\u1ef1c<\/th>\n Lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/th>\n Ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/th>\n Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00f9i v\u1ecb<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n \n Mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam Anh<\/td>\n C\u1ee9ng<\/td>\n Clo, c\u1eb7n v\u00f4i<\/td>\n V\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Scotland<\/td>\n M\u1ec1m<\/td>\n Th\u1ea5p<\/td>\n Cao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Wales<\/td>\n M\u1ec1m<\/td>\n Th\u1ea5p<\/td>\n Cao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n London<\/td>\n C\u1ee9ng<\/td>\n Clo, ch\u00ec (trong \u1ed1ng c\u0169)<\/td>\n V\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng an to\u00e0n<\/h2>\n
G\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng<\/h3>\n
Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/h3>\n
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\n Lo\u1ea1i B\u1ed9 L\u1ecdc<\/th>\n L\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n \n B\u1eadt than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh<\/td>\n Gi\u1ea3m clo, n\u00e2ng cao h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u00f9i, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/td>\n Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m ch\u00ec, nitrates v\u00e0 fluoride<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Chai l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/td>\n Ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, gi\u1ea3m clo, n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea9u v\u1ecb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 r\u01b0\u1ee3u bia N\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb v\u00f2i v\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0 v\u00f2i \u1ea5m<\/h3>\n
So s\u00e1nh N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f2i v\u1edbi N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng chai v\u1ec1 An to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h3>\n
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\n Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh<\/th>\n N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f2i<\/th>\n N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng chai<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n \n An to\u00e0n<\/td>\n \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3<\/td>\n An to\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/td>\n Th\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra r\u00e1c nh\u1ef1a<\/td>\n \u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1ef1a, ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i carbon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Chi ph\u00ed<\/td>\n Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m<\/td>\n L\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u1ec1 An to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/h2>\n
N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n
C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h3>\n
Ai gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam?<\/h3>\n
C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam?<\/h3>\n
\u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 g\u00ec, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Vi\u1ec7t Nam?<\/h3>\n
L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y trong nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng?<\/h3>\n
N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng chai c\u00f3 an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n
L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h3>\n
T\u00f4i n\u00ean l\u00e0m g\u00ec n\u1ebfu s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u0169 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nhi\u1ec5m ch\u00ec?<\/h3>\n